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If a hash is absent, what fundamental aspect is lacking?

Confidentiality

Integrity

The absence of a hash in a system primarily indicates a lack of integrity. Hash functions are crucial for verifying the integrity of data by generating a fixed-size string from input data; if the data changes, even slightly, the hash will change significantly. This characteristic allows system administrators and users to ensure that data has not been altered or tampered with.

When a hash is not present, there is no mechanism to detect unauthorized changes, which is fundamental to ensuring data remains unchanged during storage or transmission. Therefore, the lack of a hash leads to situations where one cannot reliably validate the authenticity of the data, making it impossible to ascertain that the original data is intact and has not been forged or corrupted.

Confidentiality, availability, and authentication are related concepts but are not directly impacted by the absence of a hash in the same way that data integrity is.

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Availability

Authentication

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